• Remove language-specific tricks
• For C++, replace preprocessor directives with C++ constructs
• For C++, use STL containers
• Isolate business logic
• Separate input and output from calculation
• Make classes immutable
• Favor composition over inheritance
• Split classes into smaller classes
• Split classes into multiple child classes to eliminate 'if' and 'case' statements
• Remove input and output from constructor and destructor
• Create small classes to perform low-level functions
• Re-factor to remove forward class references
• Identify and reduce dependencies between classes
• Use interfaces to eliminate cyclic dependencies
• Split functions into smaller functions
• Favor const functions that return a value
• Make functions static, then move them to appropriate class
• Make functions void or const
• Functions contain at most one loop
• Iterate over collections instead of loops
• Move 'for' loops down to worker classes
• Limit loops to one purpose
• Push loops down as far as possible
• Make variables private
• Limit variables to one purpose